| 1. | Regarding diabetic retinopathy in Chinese hypertensive patients in primary care, which statement is FALSE? |
| A. | Diabetic retinopathy is one of leading preventable causes of visual impairment and blindness in working age population. |
| B. | The causes of visual loss in diabetic retinopathy include macular oedema, vitreous haemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment and neovascular glaucoma. |
| C. | Early stage of diabetic retinopathy is asymptomatic, screening for this condition is important so that timely intervention can be provided to reduce the risk of developing visual impairment. |
| D. | The reported prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients varied a lot in different countries. |
| E. | More than 50% of hypertensive patients had co-existing diabetes mellitus. |
| 2. | Which CORRECT conclusion could be made from the study "The prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in Chinese hypertensive patients newly discovered with type 2 diabetes mellitus – A cross sectional study in 3 primary care clinics in Hong Kong"? |
| A. | In view of high prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and no identifiable associated factor, early diabetic retinopathy assessment is important in this group of patients for timely detection and intervention. |
| B. | Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy such as age, longer duration of diabetes, elevated glycohaemoglobin levels, concurrent hypertension, hyperlipidemia were statistically significant in this study. |
| C. | The use of fenofibrate was found to be protective for diabetic retinopathy in this study. |
| D. | Less than 50 percent of the newly diagnosed diabetic patients identified in the general out-patient clinics were patients who already attended regular follow-up for hypertension in this study. |
| E. | The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is more common in male in this study. |
| 3. | In the systematic review of the prevalence of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS), the following factors may explain for the differences in the prevalence rates across studies, EXCEPT: |
| A. | Diagnostic threshold in different culture. |
| B. | Different sampling methods. |
| C. | Subtypes of MS in the samples. |
| D. | Presence of comorbidities in the samples. |
| E. | Difference in social stigma associated with depression. |
| 4. | Which of the following statements are TRUE about life-time prevalence, point prevalence and period prevalence? |
| A. | Period prevalence must be higher than point prevalence for any illnesses in the same sample. |
| B. | Measured in the same sample, period prevalence is the highest amongst the three. |
| C. | Period prevalence is equivalent to life-time prevalence in any epidemiological studies. |
| D. | Point prevalence measures the number of new cases over a given period. |
| E. | In this systematic review, point prevalence is more commonly used as the way of measurement in the prevalence of depression in MS. |
| 5. | Which one of the following statements concerning the initial assessment of allergic rhinitis is INCORRECT? |
| A. | The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis is often made clinically on the basis of symptoms and response to treatment. |
| B. | The measurement of allergen-specific IgE is important and should always be done. |
| C. | The ARIA classification of allergic rhinitis is based on duration and severity of symptoms. |
| D. | Sleep disturbance, impairment of daily activities such as leisure, sport, school or work should be assessed. |
| E. | The presence of other atopic diseases in the patient as well as family history of atopic diseases should be looked for. |
| 6. | All the followings are correct concerning the treatment of allergic rhinitis EXCEPT: |
| A. | Allergen avoidance, antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids are considered the cornerstone of first-line therapy. |
| B. | Drug therapy usually starts with oral anthistamines. |
| C. | Topical nasal decongestants can lead to rhinitis medicamentosa. |
| D. | Intranasal glucocorticoids are suitable for acute symptom relief. |
| E. | Subcutaneous immunotherapy needs to be given in a surgery with adequate resuscitation facilities by trained clinicians. |